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Publishers and business aspects
In the 1960s and 1970s, commercial publishers began to selectively acquire “top-quality” journals which were previously published by nonprofit academic societies. Due to the inelastic demand for these journals, the commercial publishers lost little of the market when they raised the prices significantly.
Although there are over 2,000 publishers, three for-profit companies (Reed Elsevier, Springer Science+Business Media, and John Wiley & Sons) account for 42% of articles published. What data is available indicates that these companies have high profit margins, especially compared to the smaller publishers
which likely operate with low margins.[1] These factors have contributed to the “serials crisis” – from 1986-2005, the number of serials purchased has increased an average of 1.9% per year while total expenditures on serials has increased 7.6% per year.
[2]
Unlike most industries, in academic publishing the two most important inputs are provided “virtually free of charge”.[1] These are the articles and the peer review process. Publishers argue that they add value to the publishing process through support to the peer review group, including stipends, as well as through typesetting, printing, and web publishing. Investment analysts, however, have been skeptical of the value added by for-profit publishers, as exemplified by a 2005 Deutsche Bank analysis which stated that “we believe the publisher adds relatively little value to the publishing process”.[1]
[edit] Crisis
A crisis in academic publishing is “widely perceived”;[3] the apparent crisis has to do with the combined pressure of budget cuts at universities and increased costs for journals (the serials crisis). The university budget cuts have reduced library budgets and reduced subsidies to university-affiliated publishers. The humanities discipline has been particularly affected by the pressure on university publishers, which are less able to publish monographs when libraries can’t afford to purchase the monographs. For example, the ARL found that in “1986, libraries spent 44% of their budgets on books compared with 56% on journals; twelve years later, the ratio had skewed to 28% and 72%”.[3] Meanwhile, monographs are increasingly expected for tenure in the humanities. It is hoped that electronic publishing will solve the issue.[3]
[edit] The future of academic publishing
Several models are being investigated such as open publication models or adding community-oriented features [4]. It is also considered that “Online scientific interaction outside the traditional journal space is becoming more and more important to academic communication” [5]
[edit] Scholarly paper
In academic publishing, a paper is an academic work that is usually published in an academic journal. It contains original research results or reviews existing results. Such a paper, also called an article, will only be considered valid if it undergoes a process of peer review by one or more referees (who are academics in the same field) in order to check that the content of the paper is suitable for publication in the journal. A paper may undergo a series of reviews, edits and re-submissions before finally being accepted or rejected for publication. This process typically takes several months. Next there is often a delay of many months (or in some subjects, over a year) before publication, particularly for the most popular journals where the number of acceptable articles outnumbers the space for printing. Due to this, many academics offer a ‘pre-print’ copy of their paper for free download from their personal or institutional website.
Some journals, particularly newer ones, are now published in electronic form only. Paper journals are now generally made available in electronic form as well, both to individual subscribers, and to libraries. Almost always these electronic versions are available to subscribers immediately upon publication of the paper version, or even before; sometimes they are also made available to non-subscribers after an embargo of two to twenty-four months, in order to protect against loss of subscriptions. Journals having this delayed availability are generally called delayed open access journals.
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